[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https://hwt.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-2.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” alt=”Devon Valley” sticky_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]
2014 – SOG trickling filter
HWT patented the trickling SOG filter[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https://hwt.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-19.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” alt=”2012 – Zero Liquid Discharge
” title_text=”2012 – Zero Liquid Discharge” sticky_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]
2012 – Zero Liquid Discharge
ZLD – not for the faint hearted. An extremely expensive procedure whereby all water in an industrial process is re-used. Pollutants in the waste streams are recovered in solid form and taken to land-fill or recycled where possible. Most costly part is removal of salts from brine.
Evapouration and crystallization process steps required, with attendant and large energy bills.[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https://hwt.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-18.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” alt=”1999 – Activated sludge bulking” title_text=”1999 – Activated sludge bulking” sticky_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]
1999 – Activated sludge bulking
The mysteries of activated sludge bulking unraveled by Casey, Ekama et al
Filamentous organism bulking in nutrient removal activated sludge systems[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https://hwt.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-15.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” alt=”1910 Lyster Bag” title_text=”1910 Lyster Bag” sticky_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]
1910 – Lyster bag
Major (later Col.) William J. L. Lyster (1869-1947) of the US Army Medical Dept. used a solution of calcium hypochlorite in a linen bag to treat water. Lyster’s method became the standard for U.S. ground forces in the field and in camps, implemented in the form of the Lyster Bag.[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https://hwt.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/4.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” alt=”1774 Chlorine” title_text=”1774 Chlorine” sticky_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]
1774 – Chlorine
Because chlorine is so reactive, it is almost never found in nature in its pure form. Ever abundant in rocks and in the sea, chlorine is a safely bound in salt formation.
Chlorine (Cl2) was first prepared in pure form by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. Scheele heated brown stone (manganese dioxide; MnO2) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). When these substances are heated the bonds are broken, causing manganese chloride (MnCl2), water (H2O) and chlorine gas (Cl2) to form.
Reaction mechanism:
MnO2 + 4HCl -> MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Scheele discovered that chlorine gas was water-soluble and that it could be used to bleach paper, vegetables and flowers. It also reacted with metals and metal oxides. In 1810 sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist who tested fundamental reations of chlorine gas, discovered that the gas Scheele found must be an element, given that the gas was inseperable. He named the gas ‘chlorine’ (Cl), after the Greek word ‘chloros’, which means yellow-greenish and refers to the color of chlorine gas (White, 1999. Watt, 2002)[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https://hwt.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/5.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” alt=”485 Hippocrates” title_text=”485 Hippocrates” sticky_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]
485 BC – The Hippocrates sleeve
A cone shaped sleeve made of clothing material used to filter boiled water. In this simple practise, two birds are knocked off their perch with one stone – water clarity and disinfection. By far the most useful was disinfection; by far the most appreciated was water clarity.
Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https://hwt.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/6.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” alt=”1581 BC – Bitter water in the Sinai – Marah” title_text=”1581 BC – Bitter water in the Sinai – Marah” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]
1581 BC – Bitter water in the Sinai – Marah
Marah – the Hebrew word for bitterness was the name given to a fountain at the sixth station of the Israelites in their epic escape from Egypt and crossing of the Sinai desert. The water of this well was so bitter that, in spite of great thirst, they would not drink from it. On this account they murmured against Moses, who, under divine direction, cast into the fountain “a certain tree” which took away its bitterness, so that the people drank of it.
—Easton’s 1897 Bible Dictionary
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